Saskatchewan

The Land

Located in the prairie region of Canada, Saskatchewan is bordered by

Manitoba, Alberta, the Northwest Territories and the United States, and is

the only Canadian province with entirely man-made boundaries. The province

is rectangular in shape and is 651 900 km2 in area. Half of it consists of

forests, one-third of cultivated lands, and one-eighth is covered with

water.

The northern zone rests on a formation of Precambrian rock characteristic

of the Canadian Shield. As a result, there are numerous (over 100 000)

lakes, rivers, bogs and rocky outcroppings.

The southern part of the province is relatively flat, with occasional

valleys created by erosion from the glacial era. This prairie zone is where

most of the people live.

Camel caravans might not seem out of place in certain parts of

Saskatchewan. Athabasca Provincial Park has sand dunes 30 metres high and

semi-arid vegetation. Nowhere else in the world are dunes found this far

north.

The name Saskatchewan comes from the Cree word "kisiskatchewanisipi," which

means "swift-flowing river." The province has four major rivers: the

Assiniboine, the North Saskatchewan, the South Saskatchewan and the

Churchill.

The whole province enjoys a hot, dry summer but the town of Estevan is the

undisputed "sunshine capital" of Canada, enjoying 2 540 hours of sunshine

per year.

The History

The first European explorers and trappers to visit Saskatchewan found

established settlements of Aboriginal people. The Chipewyan Indians lived

in the north; the Assiniboine inhabited the eastern plains, while the

nomadic Blackfoot roamed the west. The territory of the Cree, who were long-

time residents of the north, also extended southward to the plains.

The earliest explorer was Henry Kelsey, a Hudson's Bay Company agent, who

in about 1690 followed the Saskatchewan River to the southern plains of

Saskatchewan. On the heels of the trappers came fur-trading companies and

trading posts, which became the foundation of many present-day settlements.

For 200 years, the Hudson's Bay Company owned and administered the vast

Northwest Territories. Realizing their agricultural potential and the

opportunities for colonization, the Government of Canada acquired the

Territories in 1870. After the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, which encouraged

homesteaders, and another Act to stimulate immigration, the new railway

began bringing settlers in to farm these rich lands.

In 1905, Saskatchewan separated from the Northwest Territories and was

established as a province. Regina became the provincial capital. The years

following were years of prosperity, until the 1929 economic crash, combined

with a decade of drought and bad harvests, brought the lean years of the

Great Depression to the province.

In 1944, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) became the first

socialist government elected in North America. Its leader, Tommy Douglas,

led the fight for public hospitalization and medicare, earning Saskatchewan

the reputation as the "social laboratory of North America."

The recovery of the 1940s and 1950s saw the economy, once dependent solely

on agriculture, become more diversified with the development of oil,

uranium, potash, coal and other minerals.

The People

The Mйtis, people of mixed European and Aboriginal descent, were among the

first settlers, many of them having migrated from Manitoba. With land

available at token prices, agriculture gradually replaced the fur trade. A

major wave of immigration began in 1899 and continued until 1929.

Today, Saskatchewan's population stands at approximately 1 024 000.

Saskatchewan is Canada's only province where the majority of the population

is of neither British nor French background. The population has a variety

of ethnic inheritances - German, Ukrainian, Scandinavian, Amerindian,

Dutch, Polish and Russian, as well as British, French and many other non-

European origins.

Regina and Saskatoon are the two main cities and together have more than

one-third of the total population. Named in recognition of Queen Victoria

(Victoria Regina), the capital is the site of Wascana Centre, one of the

world's largest urban parks. Saskatoon, which has a larger population, is

bisected by the South Saskatchewan River.

The Economy

Saskatchewan has changed greatly since it became a province in 1905. Back

then, agriculture was the only industry, and it centred on wheat farming.

Today, Saskatchewan produces over 54 percent of the wheat grown in Canada.

Other crops include canola, rye, oats, barley and flaxseed. Saskatchewan is

also a major producer of cattle and hogs. The average Saskatchewan farm is

about 420 hectares in size.

Northern Saskatchewan's 350 000 km2 of forests are the province's most

important renewable natural resource. Softwoods (coniferous trees) are the

focal point of forestry development.

Saskatchewan is also a province rich in minerals. Potash, uranium, coal,

oil and natural gas are the leading mineral resources. Saskatchewan's

almost 19 000 active oil wells produce about 20 percent of Canada's total

oil output. In addition, with an estimated two-thirds of the world's

reserves, Saskatchewan is the leading exporter of potash.

Research and development is a growing business in Saskatchewan, as attested

to by the inauguration of Saskatoon's Innovation Centre and more recently,

the construction of the Canadian Light Source synchrotron, one of only a

few such facilities in the world. The province's technological potential in

agriculture, space technology and biotechnology is now recognized

internationally.