POP ART

Селеменева А. ММА-91

US Style and design (20th century) –

Pop Art, Commercial Photography

The twentieth century is the first century of self-conscious, total

design at every level of our living and environment. Care and vision in

application of design have come to be demanded in every aspect of modern

life – from our kitchens and bathrooms, to our factories and workshops,

from our clothes and domestic objects, to the packaging of pocket

calculators or the structuring of plastic dining chairs.

Although the word has been used since at least the fifteenth century,

when Italian writers spoke of 'disegno' in describing the quality of line

possessed by an image or artifact, in all essentials 'design' is an

industrial or post-industrial concept. With the introduction of mass-

production, the people who invented ideas for objects became separated from

the people who made them who, again, were separated from the people who

sold them. The industrial revolution also created the concept of the

market. Personal need, or the whims of a patron, were replaced by a more

abstract demand: the tastes of a large, amorphous body of consumers.

The modern designer came into being as an intermediary between industry

and the consumer. His role was to adapt the products of industry to the

mass market, to make them more useful and durable, perhaps, but to make

them more appealing and commercially successful, certainly. Commercial

success is the touchstone of achievement in design, although designers in

different cultures have often taken different views as to how the

achievement is measured or the success validated.

So, design in business and advertisement means much. The story of style

in the applied arts since the mid-to late fifties has been dominated by

various new forces, including social and economic factors and certain

aspects of technical and scientific progress. Now we have computer design,

web design, advertisement design ( for example consumer-product branding

design) and the whole fashion of different types of ad, colors and so on.

The late fifties saw the birth of advertising as we know it today, a

high-powered business dedicated to the development effective marketing

techniques; it involved new design concepts and a whole new professional

jargon of product packaging, market research, corporate images and house

style.

The POP Art movement embraced the work of a new generation of artists

of late fifties and early sixties of both sides of the Atlantic. In

Britain, in addition to the Independent Group, there were Peter Blake,

Allen Jones. In USA Jasper Johns, Tom Wesselman, Claes Oldenburg and other

formalized the language of product packaging, from beer cans to Campbell's

Soup tins of strip cartoons, fast food, advertising hoardings and pin-ups.

Pop Art at once reflected and glorified mass-market culture and

injected a new vigour into the applied arts. Pop and the art styles which

were its natural successors, notably American Hard-Edge Abstraction and the

Hyper- or Photo-realist school of around 1970, suggested a new palette o

colours and gave a fresh, ironical edge to the imagery of popular culture.

The Pop ethic posi lively encouraged designers to exploit vulgarity

brashness and bright colour, and to use synthetic or disposable materials

in contexts in which they would formerly have been unacceptable. Pop has

had a lasting effect on design in a wide variety of media, including

interiors, graphics and fashion.

Pop has spawned furniture in bright, primary-coloured plastics and in

boldly printed fold-away cardboard; it has inspired, notably in Britain and

Italy, witty sculptural furniture in brash, synthetic materials reminiscent

of the sculptures of Claes Oldenburg. The fashion and furniture shop Mr

Freedom, opened in London in 1969 by Tommy Roberts, was a veritable shrine

to the Pop cult, with lively furniture designs by Jon Weallans. Italian Pop

furniture was one aspect of the Italian design community's wide-ranging

intellectual approach which, since the sixties, has made Italy the most

progressive country in many areas of the applied arts.

The influence of Pop can be seen in graphic design in the sixties in

the work of the American Pushpin Studios, founded by Milton Glaser and

Seymour Chwast. Pop and the Hyper-Realists also inspired the slick airbrush

work of a number of graphic artists working in the seventies and eighties,

notably the British artists Philip Castle and Michael English. Pop imagery

is still, today, a part of the staple diet of graphic design.

Pop's most notable impact on the world of fashion was in London in the

late sixties and early seventies, and in Italy in the achievements of Elio

Fiorucciin the seventies. Fiorucci brought fun into fashion, and his shops,

first in Milan and then internationally, became known for their Pop-

inspired clothes and graphics.

And it's influence can be seen also and on a graphic design in USA. POP

is everywhere, we see everyday objects and images of American popular

culture – Coca-Cola bottles, soup cans, sigarette packages and comic

strips.

Commercial photography

Commercial photographic images are a major ingredient of our visual

life, assimilated from magazines, hoardings and such contexts as brochures,

catalogues, calendars, packaging and point-of-sale promotional material.

Commercial photography thrives as a means of creating highly polished

images of a stylized, glamourized and idealized view of the World in order

to sell a product or a service.

The major categories of commercial photography are advertising in its

countless guises, including product photography and photo-illustration,

fashion, beauty and certain categories of photography which are neither

reportage nor aspire to be fine art, yet which can be fascinating social

documents of considerable aesthetic quality.

Irving Penn has continued to be a master in each of these genres and

has set standards to which many aspire. His career has spanned forty years,

during which his work, from his early fashion and still-life compositions

to current still-life product studies such as his series for the cosmetics

manufacturers Clinique, has shown an inimitable vision and consistent

aesthetic rigour.

Ben Stern, though far from being Penn's artistic equal, became the

archetypal commercial photographer in the fifties and sixties, running a

vast studio in New York and showing considerable skill and versatility in

interpreting the briefs of art directors and clients.

In the sixties the profession of commercial and, in particular, fashion

photography became greatly glamourized: the successful young photographer

became a popular folk hero, as if the camera were a passport to the

illusory world which it could depict—Antonioni's film Blow-Up (1966-7)

defined the role model. Among the most interesting magazines to be launched

in the sixties, the photography of which captured the youthful excitement

of that period, were the British Nova, which commissioned some of the best

fashion photography of its day, and the German Twen, brilliantly art

directed by Willy Fleckhaus.

In the sixties advertising played a secondary role to editorial

photography in magazines. Today the reverse seems true, for the character

of many magazines is dictated by the market needs of advertisers and many

photographers bemoan the greater restrictions this imposes. The seventies

and eighties have, nonetheless, brought forth a new roll-call of talent.

Outstanding contemporary figures include Helmut Newton and Guy Bourdin, who

have dominated the field of fashion photography; Hans Feurer, Arthur

Elgort, Denis Piel and others, a few of the less celebrated but talented

fashion photographers; advertising and glamour photographers such as

Francis Giacobetti, James Baes…

Commercial photographers play a great role in our consumer society,

creating the images of a life-style to which we are constantly encouraged

to aspire. They create glamourized images of women and give a heightened

visual appeal to the products which are economic mainstay of our society,

be it a hamburger, a perfume or an automobile.